Recycling and Upcycling of Textile Waste

The path toward sustainable menstrual products is multifaceted, requiring a concerted effort from individuals, communities, businesses, and policymakers, suggests Dr Kiran Yadav and Dr E Santhini.

With approximately 360 million menstruating women, India faces the ignominious challenge of disposing of over 12 billion sanitary pads every year. This contributes to approximately 113,000 tonnes of solid waste annually that could take up to 500 years to decompose. The use of single-use sanitary pads and tampons, which often contain plastics and harmful chemicals, poses serious health risks apart from polluting the environment.

Disposable sanitary pads are typically made from a combination of synthetic materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene and superabsorbent polymers. These materials, while being effective in terms of absorbency, are not biodegradable. Additionally, the production of disposable sanitary pads involves the use of non-renewable resources and chemicals, the manufacturing process of which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, exacerbating global environmental issues. The chemicals used in the production of these pads can also leach into the soil and water systems, potentially impacting local ecosystems and communities.

Aside of environmental concerns, disposable sanitary pads may pose health risks to users. Many conventional pads contain fragrances, dyes and other chemicals that can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. The exposure to synthetic materials and chemicals has been linked to conditions such as vulvar dermatitis and menstrual cramps. For individuals with sensitive skin or allergies, these issues can be particularly concerning. Moreover, the use of superabsorbent polymers in disposable pads can create a warm and moist environment that is conducive to bacterial growth leading to bacterial or yeast infections. Switching to products with fewer chemicals and better breathability can mitigate these risks and promote overall menstrual health.

As awareness grows about the environmental and health impacts of traditional menstrual hygiene products, sustainable menstrual products are becoming increasingly relevant. Sustainable menstruation products should be environmental friendly, reusable, and safe for the body. Fortunately, there are several sustainable and health-conscious alternatives to disposable sanitary pads. Options such as menstrual cups, reusable cloth pads and period underwear are gaining traction as viable alternatives. Menstrual cups, made from medical-grade silicone or rubber, are a popular option. They are reusable, environmentally friendly and can be worn for up to 12 hours at a time. Cloth pads made from natural fibres like cotton are another viable alternative. They are washable, reusable and free from harmful chemicals. Period underwear, designed to be absorbent and leak-proof, offers a comfortable and discreet option that can be worn throughout the day.

Studies indicate that reusable menstrual products can have a significantly lower environmental impact compared to their disposable counterparts—menstrual cups, for instance, have an environmental impact that is only 1.5 per cent of that of single-use plastic pads.

Moreover, sustainable products can be more economical in the long run. Considering that the average menstruator uses between 5,000 and 15,000 pads and tampons in her lifetime, the cumulative environmental impact is staggering. A menstruating woman may spend an average of approximately Rs 1,50,000 on disposable products over her lifetime, while reusable options can drastically reduce this cost. While disposable sanitary pads offer convenience, they can be more expensive in the long run compared to reusable alternatives. Reusable products though initially more expensive, can save money in the long term.

Despite the benefits, sustainable menstrual products only account for about 12 per cent of the market, primarily due to barriers such as lack of awareness, social acceptability and accessibility. Many women either remain unaware of available alternatives, or are hesitant to use products such as menstrual cups or period underwear that require a shift in their menstrual management practices.  The widespread reliance on disposable pads is largely due to their convenience and the societal stigma surrounding menstruation, which discourages the discussion and adoption of alternative methods. Additionally, the initial cost of sustainable products can be a deterrent, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where affordability is a significant concern.

 Moreover, enhancing the functionality and comfort of reusable products can encourage more users to make the switch. Transitioning away from disposable sanitary pads towards sustainable alternatives requires a shift in both mind-set and practice. Education and awareness play crucial roles in this change. By understanding the environmental, health and economic impacts of disposable pads, individuals can make informed choices that align with their values. Promoting sustainable menstrual products in schools, workplaces and communities can further facilitate this shift. Social media campaigns and community workshops can serve as platforms for sharing information and experiences related to sustainable menstruation.

Policymakers can play a pivotal role by providing tax rebates and subsidies for companies producing sustainable menstrual products. This financial support can lower prices and improve accessibility, particularly in underserved communities. Providing free or reduced-cost products in schools and public spaces can help ensure that everyone has access to the menstrual hygiene products that they need. Policies that ensure menstrual products are accessible and affordable for all individuals, regardless of socioeconomic status, are essential for menstrual equity.

The path toward sustainable menstrual products is multifaceted, requiring a concerted effort from individuals, communities, businesses, and policymakers. By addressing the barriers to adoption, promoting education, and fostering innovation, society can move towards a more sustainable approach to menstrual hygiene that benefits both health and the environment. By embracing sustainable alternatives, individuals contribute to a healthier planet and promote better menstrual health. As we continue to seek solutions to pressing environmental issues, the choice of menstrual products is a small but a significant way to make a positive impact.

References

• Helping women help the environment: how sustainable menstruation is the way forward, Dr Roshan Yedery and Sonal Raj, 2023, yourstory.com.
• What socio-demographic factors support disposable vs. sustainable menstrual choices? Evidence from India’s National Family Health Survey-5, Karan Babbar and Supriya Garikipati, 2023, PLOS ONE 18(8): e0290350
• How tampons and pads became so unsustainable, Alejandra Borunda, 2019, nationalgeographic.com.

Details of the author

Dr Kiran Yadav is a Project Scientist, CoE- Medical Textiles, SITRA. She has got more than 4 years of experience in functional fibers. Her main specialisation areas are nanomaterials, polymer rheology, fiber spinning and functional textiles. She has published six articles in reputed international journals and has two patents.

Dr E Santhini is a Senior Scientific Officer-Gr B and Head in charge, CoE- Medical Textiles, SITRA. She has got more than 10 years of experience in Medical textiles. Her main specialisation lies in wound dressings, antimicrobial textiles, and PPE. She has published more than 30 publications in reputed journals and filed 2 patents. She has won early career and Young Scientist Research grants from DBT and DST, Govt. of India. She is a member of TXD 36 Committee under Bureau of Indian Standards. Her team at SITRA offers various services ranging from well-established industries to start up in medical textiles.